ERADICATING THE MONSTER CALLED MALNUTRITION
Malnutrition can be defined as a physical weakness caused by not eating
enough food of the right kind. It can also be described as a situation
involving the state at which the human body lacks the required food components
known as ‘balanced diet’. It simply means poor nutrition, and can be referred
to as ‘under-nutrition’ when the carrier does not possess enough nutrients or
‘over-nutrition’ when s/he has more nutrients than requires.
Malnutrition is caused by having an inadequate diet or a problem
absorbing nutrients from food. There are several reasons either of these
conditions might occur to include having reduced mobility, a long-term health
condition such as a chronic disease, or a low income. Malnutrition could be in
form of kwashiorkor, anaemia, obesity, xerophthalmia, pellagra, among others,
as the case may be.
Other medical conditions that can lead to malnutrition include: a
condition that results to lack of appetite such as cancer, liver disease,
persistent pain or nausea; a mental health condition including depression,
dementia, or schizophrenia, which may affect one’s ability to look after him/herself;
a condition that disrupts one’s body ability to digest food particles or absorb
nutrients such as dyspepsia or ulcerative colitis; and, a condition that makes
swallowing difficult or painful such as dysphagia as well as persistent
vomiting or diarrhoea and eating disorder including anorexia nervosa.
It’s worth noting that, some
kinds of medication can increase one’s risk of developing malnutrition.
Research indicates that over 250 types of medicine are known to disrupt the
body’s ability to absorb as well as breakdown nutrients. One may also be at
risk of becoming malnourished if his/her body has an increased demand for energy
– for example, if it’s trying to heal itself after undergoing a major surgery
or having sustained a serious injury such as a burn, or if the body is
experiencing involuntary movements like tremor.
Physical factors can also contribute to malnutrition. If one’s teeth are
in a poor state, eating could be difficult or painful. One might also lose his
appetite as a result of losing his sense of smell and taste. More so, one may
be passing through a physical disability or other impairment that makes it
difficult for him/her to cook or shop for food. Social factors that can
contribute to malnutrition include: living alone and being socially isolated,
having limited knowledge about nutrition or cooking, and alcohol/drug
dependency.
The most common symptom of under-nutrition is unintentional weight-loss.
Other signs may include: weak muscles, low mood, constant fatigue and an
increased chances of contracting various illnesses or infections. On the other
hand, the main sign of over-nutrition is being overweight or obese. However,
persons living with under-nutrition can also be overweight if they feed on a
diet high in energy (calories) but low in other nutrient. Signs of malnutrition
in children can include failure to grow at the expected rate coupled with
behavioural changes such as appearing unusually irritable, sluggish and/or
anxious.
In the hospital or clinic, one can be diagnosed to be malnourished or
not, by calculating his/her Body Mass Index (BMI). Someone with a BMI that
falls within 18.5 to 24.9 is considered healthy. Thus, one with BMI either less
than or greater than the above stipulated range is considered malnourished.
It’s noteworthy that malnutrition is a severe and deadly medical
condition. Significantly, accordingly to the United Nations Children’s
Emergency Fund (UNICEF), statistics show that about 10.9 million children under
the age of five die in developing countries like Nigeria each year; survey
indicates that malnutrition and other hunger-related diseases cause sixty
percent (60%) of the said deaths. In addition, the cost of under-nutrition to
national economic development in any of the affected countries is estimated at
20-30 billion US-dollars per annum.
Treatment may be carried out at home or in the hospital. Dietary changes
are the main treatment for malnutrition; if one is undernourished, he might
need to increase the nutritional content of his/her foods or diet, with or
without taking nutritional supplements. If the person is unable to eat enough
to meet his/her nutritional needs, s/he might need a feeding tube to provide
nutrients directly into the digestive system or a drip to provide nutrients and
fluids directly into the vein.
The best way to prevent malnutrition is to eat a healthy balanced diet.
To stay healthy, one needs to eat a variety of foods from the four main food
groups, namely: plenty of fruit and vegetables; plenty of bread, rice,
potatoes, pasta and other starchy foods; some milk and dairy foods; and, some
meat, fish, eggs, beans, among other non-dairy sources of protein.
Malnutrition could be
fundamentally attributed to illiteracy, ignorance or poverty. This implies that
the ongoing crusade regarding the eradication of all forms of malnutrition in
Nigeria requires the holistic effort of all and sundry including the
governments, health experts, civil society, the media, non-governmental bodies
as well as well-meaning individuals.
The government at all levels ought to endeavour to establish primary
health-care centres within the reach of the citizenry, especially the ordinary people.
And must ensure that each of the health centres enjoys the services of at least
a qualified resident dietician. In the same vein, people should be
conscientized to visit the health centres situated at their respective
localities from time-to-time, in order to acquire the needed counselling on
dietary.
The civil society and concerned NGOs are equally expected to intensify
awareness on the possible causes of malnutrition. It is advisable for them to
regularly embark on a door-to-door sensitization campaign, and at all times
endeavour to organize seminars cum workshops with a view to bringing the
less-privileged individuals closer to health/dietary issues. This proposed
measure can effectively and efficiently be actualized by involving the mass
media.
It is obvious that most people, particularly those residing at the rural
areas, are yet to understand the actual meaning of ‘balanced diet’ owing to
lack of education. This is where the informed minds or well-meaning Nigerians
are meant to come in; they should let their relatives, friends, well-wishers,
neighbours, and what have you, who are less-privileged - information/education
wise, to acknowledge the fact that balanced diet can be obtained within their
places of residence such as their home gardens.
It’s no longer news that most Nigerians are preoccupied with the notion
that balanced diet comprises ‘expensive’ foods that can only be acquired by
high-income earners. Hence, they should be meant to comprehend that they can
produce essential foods at their houses without any tangible capital. Besides,
it is estimated that 684,000 child deaths worldwide could be prevented by
increasing access to vitamin A and zinc, which can be obtained from vegetables.
The schools at all levels to include primary, secondary and tertiary, on
their part, ought to ensure that teachings involving dietary are taken more
seriously. In this regard, the various tertiary institutions should introduce a
general course that would educate the undergraduates mainly on issues
concerning dietary and agriculture in general. Such studies should be made to
be mandatory and ubiquitous through legislation. Let’s promote this crusade now,
towards actualizing a better Nigeria. Think about it!
Comr. Fred Doc Nwaozor
Follow: @mediambassador
